027. Syncope
23 1 月, 2018 / By 王介立醫師
- 類似syncope的診斷: seizures, VBI, hypoxemia, hypoglycemia
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Syncope分三類
- Neurally mediated syncope (reflex or vasovagal)
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Cardiac syncope
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY
- 年輕人的peak incidence在10-30歲,median peak在15歲。大部份是neurally mediated
- 大眾統計,最常見的syncope為neurally mediated
- 不論年齡,單次syncoope的預後一般是良好的
- 年輕人的noncardiac及不明原因之syncope,預後極佳
- 表27-1為高危險族群: QT>500ms、心臟異常、家族史有sudden death、syncope時有palpitation、在休息或運動時發生syncope
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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站立會讓500-1000 mL的血積在下肢及splanchnic循環。身體接著會有increased sympathetic outflow及decreased vagal nerve activity
- Baroreceptor位在aortic arch及carotid sinus
- Baroreceptor走glossopharyngeal及vagus nerve回到dorsomedial medulla的tractus solitarius (NTS)
- Efferent有:hypothalamus的PVN及SON(vasopressin)、sinus node、心肌、血管
- 大腦血流的autoregulation會延遲5-10秒
- 大腦血流量為50-60 mL/100 g,當perfusion pressure在50-150 mmHg間時,流量很固定
- 大腦血流停止6-8秒,意識會喪失
- 當血流量降至25 mL/min/100 g時,意識會受損
- 收縮壓降至50 mmHg以下,會造成syncope
- Hyperventilation造成hypocarbia造成大腦血管阻力增加,也可能促成syncope
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EEG有兩種:slow-flat-slow及slow
- Slow: high-amplitude slow delta waves
- Flat: 更嚴重的大腦hypoperfusion
- 雖然會有myoclonic movements,EEG不會見到seizure discharges
CLASSIFICATION
NEURALLY MEDIATED SYNCOPE
- Parasympathetic outflow增加及sympathoinhibition (vasodepressor) ,造成bradycardia, vasodilation及reduced vasoconstrictor tone
- 要有功能良好的ANS,才會發生
- Afferent可來自明確處:carotid sinus, GI tract, bladder。然而,很多時候trigger根本不清楚來自哪裡
Classification of Neurally Mediated Syncope
- Vasovagal syncope: 來自情緒、疼痛或orthostatic stress
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Situational reflex syncope: 特定局部刺激引發reflex vasodilation及bradycardia
- 換氣過度造成大腦血管收縮、胸內壓增加造成回心血減少,這兩者在許多時候占有中心角色
- Vasodepressor syncope: efferent表現主要來自sympathetic vasoconstrictor failure
- Cardioinhibitory syncope: efferent表現主要來自vagal outflow增加造成的bradycardia或asystole
Features of Neurally Mediated Syncope
- Syncope的基本症狀一定有orthostatic intolerance,如頭暈、頭重腳輕、疲勞
- Neurally mediated還可能伴隨autonomic activation,比如盜汗、蒼白、心悸、噁心、換氣過度、打哈欠
- 可能會有近端及遠端的myoclonus (arrythmic and multifocal)
- 眼睛一般會打開,眼球會上吊;瞳孔通常會放大;眼睛可能會漫遊
- 呼吸可能會有類似打鼾的表現
- 可能會有尿失禁,但很罕見大便失禁
- Postictal confusion很少見
- 可能會有幻視幻聽或瀕死經驗
- 尚未發現任何相關基因
TREATMENT: NEURALLY MEDIATED SYNCOPE
- 安撫、避免刺激、增大plasma volume
- 四肢的isometric counterpressure:蹺二郎腿、握拳、手臂用力
- Pacemaker無角色,除了以下情形:40歲以上,syncope由bradycardia或asystole造成;carotid sinus syndrome造成顯著的cardioinhibition
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
- 站立3分鐘內收縮壓下降超過20或舒張壓下降超過10 mmHg
- 為sympathetic vasoconstrictor failure
- 在許多(非全部)情況,心跳不會代償變快
- “Delayed” orthostatic hypotension: 超過3分鐘,為輕微或早期的sympathetic adrenergic failiure
- ”Initial” orthostatic hypotension: 站起15秒內就掉壓,這並不是autonomic failure而是心輸出與周邊血管阻力的transient mismatch
- 唯一的症狀可能只有肩頸痛,來自肌肉缺血
- 通常有預兆,但也可能毫無徵兆,因而表現的像seizure或cardiac cause
- 一半以上病人有supine hypertension,象徵著autonomic failure
Causes of Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension
- 中央及週邊ANS dysfunction
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Peripheral autonomic dysfunction伴隨small-fiber peripheral neuropathies: DM, amyloid, immune-mediated neuropathies, HSAN, inflammatory neuropathies
- 較少見:vitamin B12 deficiency, neurotoxic exposure, HIV, porphyria
- 可能因進食而掉血壓
- 藥物引起:TCA, phenothiazines
TREATMENT: ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
- 拿掉造成的藥物
- 教導isometric counterpressure maneuvers
- 躺著時頭抬高,以減少supine hypertension
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藥物治療:fludrocortisone acetate, midorine, L-dihydroxyphenyl-serine, pseudoephedrine
- 更嚴重者可加:pyridostigmine, yohimbine, DDAVP, EPO
CARDIAC SYNCOPE
- Arrhythmias
- 來自bradycardia或asystole的syncope,叫做Stokes-Admas attack
- VT的ventricular rate在200以下,很少造成syncope
Structural Disease
TREATMENT: CARDIAC SYNCOPE
APPROACH TO THE PATIENT: Syncope
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- 90%的syncope會伴有myoclonic動作,特色為multifocal或generalized、arrhythmia且小於30秒;可能會有輕微的flexor及extensor姿勢
- Partial seizure with secondary generalization,通常會先有aura,比如不愉快的味道、恐懼、焦慮、肚子不舒服;這些表現要和syncope的premonitory features區分
- Automonic epilepsy和syncope可能很難分辨
- Seizure的意識喪失通常超過5分鐘,醒來後會有長時間的postictal drowsiness及disorientation
- Syncope一醒來人應該就很清楚
- Seizure很少由情緒或疼痛引起
- 大便失禁要想seizure
- 低血糖的特色:肚子餓
- Cataplexy的過程中,意識都保持清楚
- 表現syncope的精神疾病:generalized anxiety, panic disorders, major depression, somatization disorder;雖然常倒地,但很少會受傷;血壓心跳基本上不會有異常
INITIAL EVALUATION
- 要站立3分鐘後才量血壓心跳
Laboratory Tests
- 很少有幫助
Autonomic Nervous System Testing
- 評估parasympathetic: 深呼吸或Valsalva後之HR variability
- 評估sympathetic cholinergic: thermoregulatory sweat response, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test
- 評估sympathetic adrenergic: Valsalva後的血壓變化、tilt-table test
Cardiac Evaluation
- EP很少有幫助
Psychiatric Evaluation
- Tilt-table有幫助