永遠記不住的B群

23 1 月, 2021 / By 王介立醫師
 
 

基礎知識

  • Apoprotein + prosthetic group = conjugated protein; 比如thiamine pyrophosphate、FAD、FMN就是prosthetic group
  • Nucleotide:
 
 

維它命B1 (thiamine, 硫胺)

  • Thiamin (右邊的thiazole環參與反應, 用來承接碳)
  •  功能:脫去CO2或轉移-C=O
    • Thiamin diphosphate: 輔酶
      • Dehydrogenase, 催化oxidative decarboxylation (脫去CO2); thiamin diphosphate會暫時承接被decarboxylation後的pyruvate (hydroxyethyl thiamin diphosphate), 接著再把CH3CHOH-往下送, 變成acetyl-CoA
        • Pyruvate dehydrogenase: 碳水化合物代謝
        • α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: TCA循環
        • Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase: leucine, isoleucine及valine的代謝
      • Transketolase: pentose phosphate pathway
        • 轉移兩個碳(C5+C5→C3+C7)
        • 測量RBC transketolase及其受thiamin diphosphate之活化, 可做為維它命B1之營養指標
    • Thiamin triphosphate: 調節神經細胞的氯離子通道
      • 將氯離子通道磷酸化並且活化
  • 食物來源: 全麥穀物
  • 缺乏: 周邊神經病變 (beriberi), 中樞神經病變 (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
  • 過量: 無已知疾病

維它命B2 (riboflavin, 核黃素)

  • Riboflavin在人體內為flavin mononucleotide (FMN)及flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)的核心組件
  •  
 
 
Electron carrier接受H+及e–後變成還原態。Reduced flavoproteins參與氧化反應,其H+與O2結合產生水
缺乏:常見但不致命
測量:試管內加入FAD去看erythrocyte glutathione reductase的活性
過量: 無已知疾病
 
維它命B3 (niacin/nicotinic acid, 菸鹼酸)
其實嚴格而言不算維它命,因為可從tryptophan合成
飲食中60克的tryptophan相當於1克的niacin
Kekulé, skeletal formula of niacinNiacin (nicotinic acid)Nicotinamid.svgNiacinamide (nicotinamide)Nicotinamide-beta-riboside.svgNiacinamide riboside
以上三種皆為維它命B3,在體內可相互轉換,去形成NAD+/NADP+
 
與氧化還原功能有關
NAD的功能還有提供ADP-ribose(蛋白質的post-translational ADP ribosylation)
Tryptophan至niacin,中間需要B1及B6
食品來源:肉、魚、家禽、營養強化麵包
過量:潮紅、腸胃不適、肝毒性
Hartnup disease及carcinoid syndrome,也會造成非營養素缺乏的pellagra
 
維它命B4 (choline, adenine or carnitine)
維它命B5 (pantothenic acid, 泛酸)
做為CoA的核心組件
Acetyl-CoA轉移兩個碳(acylation),在TCA循環及膽固醇合成很重要
太廣泛存在了,臨床上見不到缺乏症
 
維它命B6 (pyridoxine, 吡哆醇)
這六種分子皆具有維它命B6的活性
在體內有作用的輔酶為pyridoxal 5′-phosphate
人體80%的B6位在肌肉中,為glycogen phosphorylase的輔酶。這些B6即使在缺乏時也不會放出來,只有當飢餓肝醣耗盡時才會釋出,以提供給肝臟及腎臟進行糖質新生
與胺基酸代謝的許多酵素有關,尤其是transamination及decarboxylation
也會將hormone-receptor complex從DNA結合處移除,以終結反應。因此B6缺乏時,低劑量荷爾蒙的作用會被增強,比如estrogens, androgens, cortisol, vitamin D(對hormone-dependent cancer可能很重要)
測量存量:用pyridoxal phosphate去測量RBC transaminase的活性
過量會造成感覺神經病變
 
維它命B7 (biotin, 生物素)
為carboxylase的輔酶,功能是轉移CO2
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase:acetyl-CoA變malonyl-CoA(脂肪酸合成)
Pyruvate carboxylase:pyruvate變oxaloacetate(醣質新生)
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase:propionyl-CoA變D-methyl-malonyl-CoA(醣質新生)
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase: β-methylcrotonyl-CoA變β-methylglutaconyl-CoA(Leucine代謝成HMG-CoA、acetyl-CoA、acetoacetate等)
Biotin與nuclear protein結合 (biotinylation),可調節cell cycle
 
維它命B8 (AMP or inositol)
維它命B9 (folate, folic acid, pteroyl glutamate, 葉酸)
Active form為tetrahydrofolate (THF)
但其它多了一碳的葉酸,在食物中也存在
Dietary folate equivalents = Σ food folate (μg) + 1.7 × 添加的folic acid (μg)
轉移各種單碳
Formyl group.svg - Wiktionaryformyl(甲酰基)
Methyl group.svg - Wikimedia Commonsmethyl(甲基):methionine synthase將5-methyl-THF的methyl基轉給homocysteine,變成methionine
Methylene group.svg - Wikimedia Commonsmethylene(亞甲基):thymidylate synthase把5,10-methylene THF的methyl基還原成methyl後再轉移給dUMP,變成TMP (thymidine monophosphate)。因此為pyrimidine合成之關鍵
Methylene-THF被還原成Methyl-THF這一步是不可逆的
這是Methyl-THF唯一有可能變成THF的步驟
 
維它命B10 (para-aminobenzoic acid/PABA)
維它命B11 (pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid/PHGA)
維它命B12 (cobalamin, 鈷胺素)
鈷被corrin環包圍。鈷與5個氮結合,第6個位置決定了B12的種類:CN– (cyanobcobalamin), OH– (hydroxocobalamin), H2O (aquocobalamin), -CH3 (methyl cobalamin), 5′-deoxyadenosine (adenosylcobalamin)
為兩個酵素的輔酶:methylmalonyl-CoA mutase及methionine synthase
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase:胺基酸(valine, isoleucine)及脂肪酸代謝進入TCA cycle
Methionine synthase:合成methionine、將5-methyl-THF回復成活性葉酸
 
 
 

 

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