Diabetic Kidney Disease. Chall
Diabetic Kidney Disease. Challenges, Progress, and Possibilities.
- 最顯著: 高血糖及高血壓
Hyperglycemia
- A1C < 7%, 有效預防DKD
Hypertension
- BP < 150/85 vs < 180/105, 有效預防DKD
Structural Change
- DM1: GBM變厚 (1-2年), mesangium變大 (5-7年)
- DM2: more heterogeneous
Natural History
- UKPDS: eGFR掉的, 60%沒有preceding albuminuria
- DKD用low GFR或albuminuria來診斷, 是不準的
- DKD較易anemia
- Insulin為PTH release的cofactor, 因此較易low PTH
Pathophysiology of DKD
- Hyperfiltration: up to 75% in DM1, up to 40% in DM2
Diagnosis of DKD
- Clinical diagnosis: ACR ≥ 30 mg/g and/or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2, 隔3個月以上2次
- Atypical: eGFR突然很低或掉很快, albuminuria突然變很大, nephrotic/nephritis syndrome, 難治之HTN, 用RAS後2-3個月內eGFR掉>30%
Treatment of DKD
- 沒DKD時控制血糖才有效
-
ADA
- A1C < 6.5%: 年輕, DM短, 無併發症
- A1C < 8%: DM長, 年老, 已有併發症, 餘命短
- KDIGO: 用<7%及不要<7%做建議
- JNC-8: ≥ 140/80 mmHg要用藥
- KDIGO: 目標<130/80 mmHg (針對所有albuminuria者, 無關DM有無)
-
SPRINT: non-DM high-risk HTN, SBP <120 vs <140
- 提早結束, 因為治療能降mortality
- 但對CKD者, renal outcome沒差
-
ACCORD: DM high CV risk, SBP < 120 vs <140
- 沒差別
- Renal outcome在intensive組可能更差
Novel Therapies and Approaches
-
還沒進到phase III的
- Ruboxistaurin
- Baricitinib
- Pentoxifylline
- Atrasentan
- Finerenone
- 自2008年以來, FDA要求新DM藥必須有安全的CV profile
-
GLP-1 receptor agonist class: 可能有class effect, 可減緩DKD progression
- Lixisenatide
- Liraglutide
- Semaglutide
- Empagliflozin – secondary analysis可減緩DKD progression
Population-Based Approaches
Conclusion