Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Diabetes: Mechanisms, Clinical Significance, and Treatment.
8 12 月, 2017 / By 王介立醫師
DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT
“Whole Kidney” Hyperfiltration
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>130-140 mL/min/1.73m², 為2 SD above
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精準定義很受限,不準確因素太多了; inulin或sinistrin還是gold standard
“Single Nephron” Hyperfiltration
PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERFILTRATION IN DIABETES
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複雜; 主要角色為高血糖及胰島素異常, 尤其在糖尿病前期
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T1DM strict control可將GFR從149降到129 mL/min/1.73m²
Ultrastructural Changes
Vascular Theory
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理論: vasoactive humoral hormone失衡, 造成pre- and postglomerular arterioles失調, 造成hyperfiltration
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整理在圖3
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↓ afferent resistance: NO, COX-2, kallikrein-kinins, ANP, angiotensin(1-7), hyperinsulinemia, inhibition of TGF
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↑efferent resistance: angiotensin-II, TXA₂, ET-1 via ETA receptor, ROS
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GH及IGF-1透過增加total renal blood flow去增加filtration,無關single nephron
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Glucagon及vasopressin則是影響TGF (造成TAL的Na⁺再吸收增加,而抑制TGF)
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High protein diet後, NO/COX-2/AII會增加
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Proximal tubule對glucose及aa的再吸收增加(coupled with Na⁺), 則是會抑制TGF
Tubular Theory
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理論: ↑ proximal Na-glucose reabsorption→tubular growth and ↑ NHE3 and SGLTs→inhibition of TGF→↓afferent resistance
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肥胖也可能透過IAP升高及perirenal fat去壓迫thin loop of Henle, 造成↑ sodium reabsorption
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Tubular hypertrophy/hyperplasia及hyper-reabsorption會降低intratubular pressure, 進而促進filtration
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HYPERFILTRATION IN DIABETES
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Hyperfiltration不足以解釋一切, 因為kidney donor的ESRD risk極低
Whole-Kidney Hyperfiltration and Renal End Points: Observational Studies
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整體而言, 觀察型研究支持whole-kidney hypertiltration會contribute DKD的發生及progression (T1DM證據大於T2DM)
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但目前仍缺乏prospective intervention trial去證實
Single-Nephron Hyperfiltration and Renal End Points: RAS Blockade Trials
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就是我們過去熟知的RAAS blockade, 有著降壓之外的renoprotection效果
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Intraglomerular pressure及UAE互相影響, 而RAAS blockade又同時降低此二者, 因此這兩個因子哪一個對造成CKD progression的成份較重, 目前仍未知
Postprandial Hyperfiltration and Renal End Points: speculative Studies
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能否做為intervention target, 仍未知
CURRENT AND EMERGING TREATMENT OPTIONS
Antihyperglycemic Drugs
SGLT2 Inhibitors
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可降低single nephron hyperfiltration
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在EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, 治療組一開始eGFR下降更多,但long-term的eGFR反而會高過placebo
GLP-1–Based Therapies
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看起來是針對有hyperfiltration的病人, 有降低GFR的效果
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推測原理: GLP-1抑制NHE3→↓proximal sodium reabsorption→↓TGF
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都是短期研究
Thiazolidinediones
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有一個研究觀察到TZD可降低GFR及FF
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解釋: efferent vasodilatation by ↑NO, TGF signaling restoration
Insulin
Glucagon Receptor Antagonists
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Hyperglucagonemia和hyperglycemia及DM的hyperfiltration有關
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目前仍在研究中
Nonantihyperglycemic Interventions
Nutritional “Therapy”
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OmniHeart study: high protein diet增加fasting eGFR達4 mL/min/1.73m²
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Guideline建議DM病人每天Na⁺ intake < 2000 mg
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可能要避免太高蛋白飲食, 造成renal hyperfiltration
Weight Loss
Diuretics
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Acetazolamide在T1DM會減少hyperfiltration
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Loop及thiazide diuretics不影響TGF
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MR receptor則是透過增加TGF sensitivity,去降低eGFR
Endothelin-A Receptor Antagonists
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在T2DM有降蛋白尿效果, eGFR在停藥後則是會回升
CONCLUDING REMARKS