Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2018
12 12 月, 2017 / By 王介立醫師
Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes
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T1DM有3個stage
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診斷要件(任意一項):
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FPG≥126 mg/dL, 空腹至少8小時; repeated
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OGTT 75克, 2-hr PG≥200 mg/dL; repeated
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A1C≥6.5%; repeated
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Random plasma glucose≥200 mg/dL加上典型症狀
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HD不能用A1C來診斷DM
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篩檢對象
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≥45歲
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BMI≥23加以下任1項
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1等親有DM
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亞洲人
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心血管病史
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高血壓
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HDL < 35
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TG > 250
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PCOS
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宅
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Insulin resistance, 比如acanthosis nigricans
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Pre-DM
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FPG 100-125
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2-hr 75-g OGTT 140-199
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A1C 5.7-6.4%
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移植後DM建議用OGT來診斷
Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities
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每年驗: HDL, LDL, TG, 肝酵素, UACR, CRE, TSH in T1DM, Vitamin B12 if on metformin, K+ if on ACEi/ARB/diuretics
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PPSV23 in 2-64歲; 65歲以上則是無條件直接打一劑PPSV23
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B肝及流感疫苗
Lifestyle Management
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飲食內容無單一建議, 因人而異
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每週≥150分的中重度有氧運動, 每週至少3天, 不過2天以上無運動
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每週2-3次的阻力運動, 不要連日做
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每坐30分鐘要起來活動
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老人建議每週2-3次的瑜珈或太極
Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes
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Pre-DM: 減重7%及每週運動150分
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Metformin預防T2DM之適應症: Pre-DM, 尤其是BMI≥35, 60歲以下, 及女性先前有GDM者
Glycemic Targets
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Intensive insulin的SMBG: 餐前, 睡前, 運動前, 自覺可能血糖低
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T1DM未達標者可用CGM
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非懷孕成人
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A1C: <7%
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AC GLU: 80-130
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Peak PC GLU (飯後1-2 hr): < 180
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A1C < 6.5%: 不易低血糖, 藥物治療無顯著副作用, DM duration短, T2DM只用TLC或metformin治療者, 預期餘命長, 無明顯心血管疾病
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A1C < 8%: 有過嚴重低血糖, 餘命短, advanced microvascular/macrovascular disease, 一堆comorbidities, DM很久了用一堆藥也很難達標
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口服glucose 15-20克, for glucose ≤ 70
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GLU < 54者, 預給glucagon
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低血糖分為3個level
Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
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每日負能量500-750大卡
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武器: 減肥藥及手術
Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment
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T2DM: 一開始建議metformin, 要注意B12缺乏
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T2DM一開始有症狀, A1C≥10%或GLU≥300: 考慮直接用insulin
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T2DM一開始A1C≥9%: 考慮直接上兩種藥
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病人無atherosclerotic CVD, 若單或雙藥物無法在3個月達標, 則再加一種藥 (六選一: sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione, DPP-4 inhibitor, SGLT2 inhibitor, GLP-1 receptor agonist, or basal insulin)
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T2DM有atherosclerotic CVD, 治療以TLC及metformin開始, 接著再考慮加入可減少CV event的藥物 (empagliflozin及liraglutide為A, canagliflozin為C)
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Metformin若可以就一直繼續用, 目前可用在eGFR ≥ 30者, 記得N/V時就要叫病人自行停藥
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每一class的noninsulin藥降A1C 0.7-1.0%
Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management
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大部份DM者的BP目標: < 140/90
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High risk CVD之DM的BP目標: < 130/80 (前提是治療無負擔)
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DM懷孕之BP治療目標: 120-160/80-105
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BP > 120/80者, 要給TLC
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≥ 140/90, 用藥
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≥ 160/100, 用兩種藥
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不建議ACE/ARB/DRI之任意併用
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有albuminuria者, ACEI/ARB要用至最大建議劑量
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用三種class且含利尿劑, 血壓仍無法達標, 為resistant HTN, 考慮用MR antagonist
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TG≥ 150, HDL < 40 (men) or 50 (women): 加強TLC及血糖控制
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有DM+atherosclerotic CVD: high-intensity statin therapy
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Atorvastatin 40-80 mg/day
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Rosuvastatin 20-40 mg/day
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若LDL仍≥70, 考慮加上ezetimibe或PCSK9 inhibitor
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DM, <40歲, 任一其它risk factor: moderate-intensity statin
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DM, 40-75 (A)及>75(B), 無CVD: moderate-intensity statin
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懷孕不能用statin
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不建議statin併用fibrate
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不建議statin併用niacin
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DM+history of CVD: 給aspirin, 若過敏則給clopidogrel
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ACS後給dual antiplatelets一年
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無症狀者不建議篩檢CAD
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有atheroscelrotic CVD者, 給ACEI/ARB
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Prior MI者, 給至少2年的beta blockers
Microvascular Complications and Foot Care
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Nondialysis CKD, 蛋白攝取 0.8 g/kg/day
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ACEI/ARB不建議用做DKD的primary prevention
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Aspirin不會增加DM retinopathy的出血風險
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所有DM每年應接受10-g monofilament testing
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Neuropathic pain: pregabalin或duloxetine
Older Adults
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>65歲, 每年篩檢mild cognitive impairment或dementia
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健康老人A1C < 7.5%, frail者A1C < 8-8.5% (但仍要注意避免acute hyperglycemic complications)
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A1C < 7.5%, AC GLU < 90-130, HS GLU < 90-150
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A1C < 8.0%, AC GLU < 90-150, HS GLU < 100-180
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A1C < 8.5%, AC GLU < 100-180, HS GLU < 110-200
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老年人常見DM被過度治療
Children and Adolescents
Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy
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欲懷孕, 將A1C控制到<6.5%
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懷孕中A1C目標: 6-6.5%, <6% if feasible, <7% if hypoglycemia
Diabetes Care in the Hospital
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血糖目標140-180
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Insulin: basal, correctional, nutritional
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每次NG feeding前, 每10-15克醣類從1U開始
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TPN: 每10克醣類從1U開始